Short- and long-term outcomes after distal pancreatectomy with radiologic infiltration of splenic vessels for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The effect of radiologic splenic vessels involvement (RSVI) on the survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) located in the body and tail of the pancreas is controversial, and its influence on postoperative morbidity after distal pancreatectomy (DP) is unknown. This study aimed to determine the influence of RSVI on postoperative complications, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients undergoing DP for PAC. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study of DP was conducted at 7 hepatopancreatobiliary units between January 2008 and December 2018. Patients were classified according to the presence of RSVI. A Clavien-Dindo grade of >II was considered to represent a major complication. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients were included in the analysis. Moreover, 47 patients had vascular infiltration: 4 had arterial involvement, 10 had venous involvement, and 33 had both arterial and venous involvements. The rates of major complications were 20.8% in patients without RSVI, 40.0% in those with venous RSVI, 25.0% in those with arterial RSVI, and 30.3% in those with both arterial and venous RSVIs (P = .024). The DFS rates at 3 years were 56% in the group without RSVI, 50% in the group with arterial RSVI, and 16% in the group with both arterial and venous RSVIs (P = .003). The OS rates at 3 years were 66% in the group without RSVI, 50% in the group with arterial RSVI, and 29% in the group with both arterial and venous RSVIs (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: RSVI increased the major complication rates after DP and reduced the OS and DFS. Therefore, it may be a useful prognostic marker in patients with PAC scheduled to undergo DP and may help to select patients likely to benefit from neoadjuvant treatment.

Textbook outcome in patients with biliary duct injury during cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic bile duct injury (BDI) during cholecystectomy is associated with a complex and heterogeneous management owing to the burden of morbidity until their definitive treatment. This study aimed to define the textbook outcomes (TOs) after BDI with the purpose to indicate the ideal treatment and to improve it management. METHODS: We collected data from patients with an BDI between 1990 and 2022 from 27 hospitals. TO was defined as a successful conservative treatment of the iatrogenic BDI or only minor complications after BDI or patients in whom the first repair resolves the iatrogenic BDI without complications or with minor complications. RESULTS: We included 808 patients and a total of 394 patients (46.9%) achieved TO. Overall complications in TO and non-TO groups were 11.9% and 86%, respectively (P < .001). Major complications and mortality in the non-TO group were 57.4% and 9.2%, respectively. The use of end-to-end bile duct anastomosis repair was higher in the non-TO group (23.1 vs 7.8, P < .001). Factors associated with achieving a TO were injury in a specialized center (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.01; 95% CI, 2.68-5.99; P < .001), transfer for a first repair (aOR, 5.72; 95% CI, 3.51-9.34; P < .001), conservative management (aOR, 5.00; 95% CI, 1.63-15.36; P = .005), or surgical management (aOR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.50-4.00; P < .001). CONCLUSION: TO largely depends on where the BDI is managed and the type of injury. It allows hepatobiliary centers to identify domains of improvement of perioperative management of patients with BDI.

Textbook outcome in distal pancreatectomy: A multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Textbook outcome is an interesting quality metrics tool. Information on textbook outcomes in distal pancreatectomy is very scarce. In this study we determined textbook outcome in a distal pancreatectomy multicenter database and propose a specific definition of textbook outcome-distal pancreatectomy that includes pancreatic fistula. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter observational study of distal pancreatectomy performed at 8 hepatopancreatobiliary surgery units from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2018. The inclusion criteria were any scheduled distal pancreatectomy performed for any diagnosis and age > 18 years. Specific textbook outcome-distal pancreatectomy was defined as hospital stay P < 75, no Clavien-Dindo complications (≥ III), no hospital mortality, and no readmission recorded at 90 days, and the absence of pancreatic fistula (B/C). RESULTS: Of the 450 patients included, 262 (58.2%) obtained textbook outcomes. Prolonged stay was the parameter most frequently associated with failure to achieve textbook outcomes. The textbook outcome group presented the following results. Preoperative: lower American Society of Anesthesiologists score < III, a lower percentage of smokers, and less frequent tumor invasion of neighboring organs or vascular invasion; operative: major laparoscopic approach, and less resection of neighboring organs and less operative transfusion; postoperative: lower percentage of delayed gastric emptying and pancreatic fistula B/C, and diagnosis other an adenocarcinoma. In the multivariate study, the American Society of Anesthesiologists score > II, resection of neighboring organs, B/C pancreatic fistula, and delayed gastric emptying were associated with failure to achieve textbook outcomes. CONCLUSION: The textbook outcome rate in our 450 pancreaticoduodenectomies was 58.2%. In the multivariate analysis, the causes of failure to achieve textbook outcomes were American Society of Anesthesiologists score > II, resection of neighboring organs, pancreatic fistula B/C, and delayed gastric emptying. We believe that pancreatic fistula should be added to the specific definition of textbook outcome-distal pancreatectomy because it is the most frequent complication of this procedure.

Vascular injury during cholecystectomy: A multicenter critical analysis behind the drama.

BACKGROUND: The management of a vascular injury during cholecystectomy is still very complicated, especially in centers not specialized in complex hepatobiliary surgery. METHODS: This was a multi-institutional retrospective study in patients with vascular injuries during cholecystectomy from 18 centers in 4 countries. The aim of the study was to analyze the management of vascular injuries focusing on referral, time to perform the repair, and different treatments options outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were included. Twenty-nine patients underwent vascular repair (27.9%), 13 (12.5%) liver resection, and 1 liver transplant as a first treatment. Eighty-four (80.4%) vascular and biliary injuries occurred in nonspecialized centers and 45 (53.6%) were immediately transferred. Intraoperative diagnosed injuries were rare in referred patients (18% vs 84%, P = .001). The patients managed at the hospital where the injury occurred had a higher number of reoperations (64% vs 20%, P ˂ .001). The need for vascular reconstruction was associated with higher mortality (P = .04). Two of the 4 patients transplanted died. CONCLUSION: Vascular lesions during cholecystectomy are a potentially life-threatening complication. Management of referral to specialized centers to perform multiple complex multidisciplinary procedures should be mandatory. Late vascular repair has not shown to be associated with worse results.

Machine Learning-Based Analysis in the Management of Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injury During Cholecystectomy: a Nationwide Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI) is a challenging surgical complication. IBDI management can be guided by artificial intelligence models. Our study identified the factors associated with successful initial repair of IBDI and predicted the success of definitive repair based on patient risk levels. METHODS: This is a retrospective multi-institution cohort of patients with IBDI after cholecystectomy conducted between 1990 and 2020. We implemented a decision tree analysis to determine the factors that contribute to successful initial repair and developed a risk-scoring model based on the Comprehensive Complication Index. RESULTS: We analyzed 748 patients across 22 hospitals. Our decision tree model was 82.8% accurate in predicting the success of the initial repair. Non-type E (p < 0.01), treatment in specialized centers (p < 0.01), and surgical repair (p < 0.001) were associated with better prognosis. The risk-scoring model was 82.3% (79.0-85.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI]) and 71.7% (63.8-78.7%, 95% CI) accurate in predicting success in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. Surgical repair, successful initial repair, and repair between 2 and 6 weeks were associated with better outcomes. DISCUSSION: Machine learning algorithms for IBDI are a novel tool may help to improve the decision-making process and guide management of these patients.

Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms located in the distal pancreas: a multicenter study.

Background: Mucinous cysts of the pancreas (MCN) are infrequent, usually unilocular tumors which occur in postmenopausal women and are located in the pancreatic body/tail. The risk of malignancy is low. The objective is to define preoperative risk factors of malignancy in pancreatic MCN and to assess the feasibility of the laparoscopic approach. Methods: Retrospective multicenter observational study of prospectively recorded data regarding distal pancreatectomies was carried out at seven hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) Units between 01/01/08 and 31/12/18 (the ERPANDIS Project). Results: Four hundred and forty-four distal pancreatectomies were recorded including 47 MCN (10.6%). Thirty-five were non-invasive tumors (74.5%). In all, 93% of patients were female, and 60% were ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiology) II. The mean preoperative size was 46 mm. Patients with invasive tumors were older (54 vs. 63 years). Invasive tumors were larger (6 vs. 4 cm), although the difference was not significant (P=0.287). Sixty percent was operated via laparoscopic approach, which was used in 74.6% of non-invasive tumors and in 16.7% of the invasive ones. The spleen was not preserved in 93.6% of the patients. R0 resection was obtained in all patients. Two patients with invasive tumors died. Conclusions: In our surgical series of MCN, patients with malignancy were older and presented larger tumors, although the difference was not statistically significant. Laparoscopy is a safe and feasible approach for MCN. Prospective studies are now needed to define risk factors that can guide the decision whether to administer conservative treatment or to operate.

When laparoscopic repair is feasible for diaphragmatic hernia in adults? A retrospective study and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Diaphragmatic hernia (DH), congenital or traumatic, is uncommon but sometimes can lead to a serious surgical emergency. There are no clinical guidelines or approved recommendations for the management of this condition, and most data are from retrospective, single-institution series. The aim is to analyze the management of the DH at our institution and review the indications for laparoscopic repair. METHODS: A retrospective serie of patients diagnosed of DH with surgical treatment at our institution between 2009 and 2019. Literature review was carried out to establish the current indications of laparoscopic repair in each type of DH. RESULTS: Surgery was carried out in 15 patients with DH, 5 congenital and 10 traumatic hernias. Traumatic hernias were classified as acute (n = 2) and chronic (n = 8). 53.4% of all cases (8 patients) required urgent surgery using an abdominal approach (5 open and 3 laparoscopic) and elective surgery was performed in 46.6% of all cases (7 patients) with an abdominal approach (3 open and 4 laparoscopic) and 2 patients with a combined approach. Primary repair was performed in 4 patients (26.6%), closure and mesh reinforcement in 9 cases (60%) and only mesh placement in 2 patients (13.4%). Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 20% and 0%, respectively. No recurrences were detected. CONCLUSIONS: DH may pose different scenarios which require urgent or elective surgical treatment. Laparoscopic approach may be a first option in elective surgery; and in emergency setting taking into account hemodynamic stability and associated injuries.

¿Qué aporta la imagen tridimensional preoperatoria en la cirugía pancreática compleja? / What does preoperative three-dimensional image contribute to complex pancreatic surgery?

La posibilidad de modelización de imágenes diagnósticas en tres dimensiones (3D) en cirugía pancreática es una novedad que nos aporta múltiples ventajas. Una mejor visualización de las estructuras nos permite una planificación de la técnica quirúrgica más precisa y nos facilita la realización de la cirugía en casos complejos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente diagnosticado de un adenocarcinoma de cabeza de páncreas borderline para ilustrar las ventajas de la modelización 3D en cirugía pancreática compleja. La ayuda de la tecnología 3D nos permitió planificar de manera óptima la intervención facilitando la resección quirúrgica. El uso de esta herramienta podría traducirse en: menor tiempo operatorio, menores complicaciones intraoperatorias o un aumento de las resecciones R0. La usabilidad del programa utilizado en nuestro caso, ágil e intuitivo, fue una ventaja añadida. (AU)

The possibility of modelling diagnostic images in three dimensions (3D) in pancreatic surgery is a novelty that provides us multiple advantages. A better visualization of the structures allows us a more accurate planning of the surgical technique and makes it easier the surgery in complex cases. We present the case study of a borderline pancreatic head adenocarcinoma patient to illustrate the advantages of 3D modelling in complex pancreatic surgery. The help of 3D technology allowed us to optimally plan the intervention and facilitate surgical resection. The use of this tool could translate into: shorter operative time, fewer intraoperative complications or an increase in R0 resections. The usability of the program used in our case, agile and intuitive, was an added advantage. (AU)

Sphincter damage during fistulotomy for perianal fistulae and its relationship with faecal incontinence.

BACKGROUND: The length of sphincter which can be divided during fistulotomy for perianal fistula is unclear. The aim was to quantify sphincter damage during fistulotomy and determine the relationship between such damage with symptoms and severity of faecal incontinence and long-term quality of life (QOL). METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed over a 2-year period. Patients with intersphincteric and mid to low transsphincteric perianal fistulas without risk factors for faecal incontinence were scheduled for fistulotomy. All patients underwent 3D endoanal ultrasound (3D-EAUS) pre-operatively and 8 weeks postoperatively. Measurements were taken of pre- and postoperative anal sphincter involvement and division. Anal continence was assessed using the Jorge-Wexner scale and QOL scores pre, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were selected. A strong correlation between pre- and postoperative measurements was found p < 0.001. A median length of 41% of the external anal sphincter and 32% of the internal anal sphincter was divided during fistulotomy. Significant differences in mild symptoms of anal continence were found with increasing length of external anal sphincter division. But there was no significant deterioration in continence, soiling, or quality of life scores at the 1-year follow-up. Division of over two-thirds of the external anal sphincter was associated with the highest incontinence rates. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-EAUS is a valuable tool for quantifying the extent of sphincter involvement pre- and postoperatively. Post-fistulotomy faecal incontinence is mild and increases with increasing length of sphincter division but does not affect long-term quality of life.

What does preoperative three-dimensional image contribute to complex pancreatic surgery?

The possibility of modelling diagnostic images in three dimensions (3D) in pancreatic surgery is a novelty that provides us multiple advantages. A better visualization of the structures allows us a more accurate planning of the surgical technique and makes it easier the surgery in complex cases. We present the case study of a borderline pancreatic head adenocarcinoma patient to illustrate the advantages of 3D modelling in complex pancreatic surgery. The help of 3D technology allowed us to optimally plan the intervention and facilitate surgical resection. The use of this tool could translate into: shorter operative time, fewer intraoperative complications or an increase in R0 resections. The usability of the program used in our case, agile and intuitive, was an added advantage.

Circulating Tumor DNA Detection by Digital-Droplet PCR in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most devastating malignant tumors, being the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Researchers and clinicians are endeavoring to develop strategies for the early detection of the disease and the improvement of treatment results. Adequate biopsy is still challenging because of the pancreas's poor anatomic location. Recently, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) could be identified as a liquid biopsy tool with huge potential as a non-invasive biomarker in early diagnosis, prognosis and management of PC. ctDNA is released from apoptotic and necrotic cancer cells, as well as from living tumor cells and even circulating tumor cells, and it can reveal genetic and epigenetic alterations with tumor-specific and individual mutation and methylation profiles. However, ctDNA sensibility remains a limitation and the accuracy of ctDNA as a biomarker for PC is relatively low and cannot be currently used as a screening or diagnostic tool. Increasing evidence suggests that ctDNA is an interesting biomarker for predictive or prognosis studies, evaluating minimal residual disease, longitudinal follow-up and treatment management. Promising results have been published and therefore the objective of our review is to understand the current role and the future perspectives of ctDNA in PC.

What does preoperative three-dimensional image contribute to complex pancreatic surgery? / ¿Qué aporta la imagen tridimensional preoperatoria en la cirugía pancreática compleja?

The possibility of modelling diagnostic images in three dimensions (3D) in pancreatic surgery is a novelty that provides us multiple advantages. A better visualization of the structures allows us a more accurate planning of the surgical technique and makes it easier the surgery in complex cases. We present the case study of a borderline pancreatic head adenocarcinoma patient to illustrate the advantages of 3D modelling in complex pancreatic surgery. The help of 3D technology allowed us to optimally plan the intervention and facilitate surgical resection. The use of this tool could translate into: shorter operative time, fewer intraoperative complications or an increase in R0 resections. The usability of the program used in our case, agile and intuitive, was an added advantage.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de neoplasia mucinosa papilar intraductal de la vía biliar diagnosticada mediante SpyGlass(R) / No disponible

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 76 años con antecedente de colecistitis aguda intervenido mediante colecistectomía laparoscópica. Intraoperatoriamente, se evidenció una colecistitis crónica con conducto cístico engrosado. La anatomía patológica informó de displasia de alto grado que afectaba al borde distal del cístico. Ante los hallazgos, se practicó colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) con SpyGlass(R) con la cual se observó, adyacente a la unión del cístico-colédoco, lesión excrecente sugestiva de malignidad. Se decidió nueva intervención quirúrgica y se realizó una resección de vía biliar extrahepática con linfadenectomía del hilio hepático y hepaticoyeyunostomía. El informe anatomopatológico definitivo informó de neoplasia mucinosa papilar intraductal pancreatobiliar con displasia de alto grado con márgenes libres

No disponible

Surgical treatment of an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the biliary tract diagnosed by SpyGlass®.

We present the case of a 76-year-old male with a history of acute cholecystitis who underwent a scheduled laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Chronic cholecystitis with a thickened cystic duct was observed intraoperatively. The anatomic pathology report found high-grade dysplasia that affected the distal edge of the cystic duct. In view of these findings, an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed with SpyGlass® and an excrescent lesion suggestive of malignancy adjacent to the cystic-common bile duct junction was observed. A resection of the extrahepatic bile duct was performed with lymphadenectomy of the hepatic hilum and hepaticojejunostomy in a subsequent procedure. The definitive pathology report confirmed pancreaticobiliary intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia with high-grade dysplasia and free margins.

Neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced unresectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: oncological outcomes at a single academic centre.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer (PC), even in the absence of metastatic disease, has a dismal prognosis. One-third of them are borderline resectable (BRPC) or locally advanced unresectable PC (LAUPC) at diagnosis. There are limited prospective data supporting the best approach on these tumours. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (ChT) is being increasingly used in this setting. METHODS: This is a retrospective series of consecutive patients staged as BRPC or LAUPC after discussion in the multidisciplinary board (MDB) at an academic centre. All received neoadjuvant ChT, followed by chemoradiation (ChRT) in some cases, and those achieving enough downstaging had a curative-intent surgery. Descriptive data about patient's characteristics, neoadjuvant treatments, toxicities, curative resections, postoperative complications, pathology reports and adjuvant treatment were collected. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival was calculated with Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS: Between August 2011 and July 2019, 49 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and all of them received neoadjuvant ChT. Fluorouracil+folinic acid, irinotecan and oxaliplatin was the most frequently used scheme (77%). The most prevalent grade 3 or 4 toxicities were neutropenia (26.5%), neurotoxicity (12.2%), diarrhoea (8.2%) and nausea (8.2%). 18 patients (36.7%) received ChRT thereafter. In total, 22 patients (44,9%) became potentially resectable and 19 of them had an R0 or R1 pancreatic resection. One was found to be unresectable at surgery and two refused surgery. A vascular resection was required in 7 (35%). No postoperative deaths were observed. Postoperative ChT was given to 12 (66.7%) of resected patients. Median OS of the whole cohort was 24,9 months (95% CI 14.1 to 35.7), with 30.6 months for resected and 13.1 months for non-resected patients, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: A neoadjuvant approach in BRPC and LAUPC was well tolerated and allowed a curative resection in 38.8% of them with a potential improvement on OS.

Rectal advancement flaps for the treatment of transphincteric perianal fistulas: a three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound and quality of life assessment

This study quantifies the damage to the internal anal sphincter (IAS) after a rectal mucosal advancement flap for a high transphincteric fistula in 16 patients using 3D-endoanal ultrasound. This was correlated with postoperative incontinence and quality of life scores. The median length of involved IAS preoperatively was 50 % (20-100) and 93.72 % for EAS (47.4-100 %). IAS division did not influence continence (p > 0.05). Continence deteriorated between the pre-, postoperative (p = 0.014) and six-month follow-up (p = 0.005), with no significant differences after one year (p > 0.05). The FIQOL score and SF-36 deteriorated initially, with recovery in all domains except for mental health after one year. Three fistulas recurred (18.75 %)

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Rectal advancement flaps for the treatment of transphincteric perianal fistulas: a three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound and quality of life assessment.

This study quantifies the damage to the internal anal sphincter (IAS) after a rectal mucosal advancement flap for a high transphincteric fistula in 16 patients using 3D-endoanal ultrasound. This was correlated with postoperative incontinence and quality of life scores. The median length of involved IAS preoperatively was 50 % (20-100) and 93.72 % for EAS (47.4-100 %). IAS division did not influence continence (p > 0.05). Continence deteriorated between the pre-, postoperative (p = 0.014) and six-month follow-up (p = 0.005), with no significant differences after one year (p > 0.05). The FIQOL score and SF-36 deteriorated initially, with recovery in all domains except for mental health after one year. Three fistulas recurred (18.75 %).

The actual management of colorectal liver metastases.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the world and between 50% and 60% of patients will develop colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) during the disease. There have been great improvements in the management of CRLM during the last decades. The combination of modern chemotherapeutic and biological systemic treatments with aggressive surgical resection strategies is currently the base for the treatment of patients considered unresectable until few years ago. Furthermore, several new treatments for the local control of CRLM have been developed and are now part of the arsenal of multidisciplinary teams for the treatment of these complex patients. The aim of this review was to summarize and update the management of CRLM, its controversies and relevant evidence.